Effects of quotas on importing and exporting countrys trade - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3419 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter starts with a theoretical framework. It discusses what quotas are followed by the models showing the effects of quotas on importing and exporting countrys trade. A large body of literature attempts to predict the likely impact of removal of quotas on textiles and clothing. The results of these studies are included in this chapter. 3.1 Theoretical Framework There are many forms of protection in world trade. They include tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Tariffs, which are taxes on imports of products into a country or region, are amongst the oldest form of government intervention in economic activity. They are implemented because they provide revenue for the government and protect the domestic industry from foreign competition. Non-tariff barriers include voluntary export restraints, technical barriers to trade, and import quotas. The effects of all these tariff and non-tariff barriers on importing and exporting countries are almost identical. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of quotas on importing and exporting countrys trade" essay for you Create order Quotas restrict the imports of specified products by setting a maximum quantity or value of goods authorized for import. Different types of quotas exist, such as global quotas, bilateral quotas, seasonal quotas, quotas linked to export performance, quotas linked to the purchase of local goods, quotas for sensitive product categories, and quotas for political reasons. In this context, quotas refer to the limits placed on the quantity of different categories of clothing (e.g. knitted T-shirts, sweaters, gloves) and textiles (e.g. knitted fabric, acrylic yarn, cotton fabric) that can be exported to the US, Canada and the European Union (EU). Under the ATC system, garment and textile-producing countries were assigned a maximum quantity that they could legally export to the US, Canada and the EU during a particular time frame. The quotas set by the ATC differed by country and per product. The allocation of quotas was generally based on historical export levels (Appelbaum, 2004). The quotas operated under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing were originally introduced under the MFA. The main purpose of these quotas was that they were imposed only by specific countries, on exports from specific countries. Another purpose was that the importing countries allowed exporting countries to allocate the quotas. Quotas effects are not easy to understand since they are very complex and require a global perspective to be taken. To a better understanding of the effects of quotas on both importing and exporting countries can be gained from the use of, diagrammatic models. The first diagram model used here shows the effects of quotas on importing countries. Importing countries imposed quotas as a device for restricting imports than tariffs. This is because they are more predictable. They ensure that imports cannot exceed a certain amount, whereas, with a tariff, the precise effect on the volume of imports is uncertain, depending on the slope of the demand and supply curves. When the quota imposed the price of the product became OP* from OP. Sd + quota is the domestic supply curve with the quota added. Demand of the product falls to OQ3 because of the high price and domestic supply increases to OQ2. Imports, also falls, because of the quota constrained at Q2Q3 = WV. In case of importing country profit goes to the person who imported the product at the price OP and sell it on OP*, not to the government (area C in Diagram). If government auctions the quotas than importers have to buy a licence of the quotas to import the products, than the profit will go to the government. The main advantage of the quota is that domestic production increases because the imports decrease, however, consumption of the product also decreases. However, in some respects quotas are more damaging than tariffs for the importing country. Like quotas allocated on the basis of share of the importer in the market and once allocated, it is difficult for more efficient importers to import more if their quota has been already used up. To understand their effects on exporting countries it is important to distinguish between the prices of restricted and unrestricted markets. A simple diagram model can be used to present the basic economic implications of the MFA quotas for exporters (Figure 3.2). As in Kathuria, Martin and Bhardwaj (2001), the diagram is kept simple by basing it on the Armington Assumption, which states that the products produced by this group of exporters are not the same as the products of other countries. This assumption allows well-defined import demand curves to be drawn for quota-restricted products in the restricted country (DR) and in the unrestricted country (DU). The point where these two demand curves meet horizontally gives the global demand (DT) for the products of the restricted countries. In the absence of any quotas, as in figure 3.2, the price will be the same in restricted and unrestricted countries. In the unrestricted equilibrium represented in figure 3.2 the same price applies in both the restricted and unrestricted countries, because the restriction comes in figure 3.3. When quotas are introduced in restricted markets the quantity exported to those markets declines as shown in figure 3.3. The price received for exports to restricted markets increases from (PW) to (PR), because of the restrictions and the price received for exports to unrestricted markets declines from (PW) to (PU). The overall demand curve of country (DT) becomes steeper and less elastic. Because the original price of the output falls, the volume of output automatically declines. Whether static welfare increases or decreases depends on whether the net gain from quota rents in restricted export markets compared with the situation in figure 3.2, represented by the crosshatched area in figure 3.3 outweighs the losses in the vertically shaded area in figure 3.3. However, the overall effect of the ATC quotas on a countrys economy cannot be determined simply by the economic effects shown in figure 3.3, although it does provide a basis for evaluating the partial effects of quotas on all restricted markets. This model is thus inadequate for evaluating the overall impact of the quotas on a country because it does not take into account the effect of restrictions on other exporting countries. When restrictions applied to competing countries clearly increase the demand for exports from the country of interest, whether these restrictions are beneficial or not for any given country depends upon the importing countries, and on the relative magnitude of exports from each country. To predict the reallocation of textile and clothing production among developing countries, a simple Ricardian analysis suggests that a country will produce and export goods in which it has a comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good relative to other goods is lower in that country than in other countries. This depends on the factor endowments of each country and factor requirement characteristics of the produced good. The textile and clothing industries are labour intensive, and the basic input is cotton. Thus, according to the Ricardian model, it is expected that countries with larger labour forces and higher production of cotton will benefit most from ATC expiration, as it will facilitate an increase in their production and exports of textiles and clothing. The abolition of quotas in January 2005 eliminated some, but not all of the distortions affecting global trade in textiles and clothing. While the quotas have been abolished, tariffs on textiles and clothing remain, frequently at very high levels. Furthermore, some of Pakistans competitors now benefit from preferential access to industrial country markets, either under preference schemes such as the EUs Everything But Arms (EBA), or through preferences provided under regional arrangements. Unlike tariffs or export taxes, export quotas are nontransparent in their effects on trade. An analysis of the trade competitiveness situation shows that the phasing out of quotas implies significant changes in the worldwide trade structure, leading to strong output and employment shifts in and between countries. 3.2 Impact of quota elimination on textiles Textile and clothing trade among World Trade Organization (WTO) members is governed by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), which came into force with the WTO Agreement on 1 January 1995. This agreement means that alongside the progressive application of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) rules, there will be progressive phasing out of quotas in the EU, US and Canada. These quotas were inherited from the Multi-fibre Arrangements (MFA). On 1 January 2005, the ATC expired and all quotas were abolished. This means that all WTO members now have unrestricted access to the European, American and Canadian markets. This has obviously had an impact on major countries/regions concerned. This research addresses the possible impact of quota abolition on Pakistans textile industry. A considerable number of studies have aimed to quantify the economic and trade effects of the ATC phase-out as well as complete textiles and clothing market liberalisation. The majority of studies reviewed were undertaken by universities, economists and international organisations like the World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank (ADB), and in the case of Pakistan, the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), government organizations, and some institutions. Most of them foresee increases in global welfare as a result of gradual liberalization of the sector with the implementation of the 10-year transitional programme of the WTOs ATC, at the end of which the system of import quotas that has dominated the trade since the early 1960s disappeared. Most of the research covers the global textile industry and the South Asian countries post ATC regime. There is not much research available specifically about Pakistans textile industry in the quota free-regime, the opportunities and challenges Pakistan will face, and whether Pakistan will benefit from this regime or not. This literature review summarises briefly some of the available studies on the impact of the ATC phase-out on the textile and clothing industry. A large body of literature attempts to predict or quantify the likely impact of the removal of quantitative restrictions. Different approaches have been used to address the issue; summary of these studies is given in table 3.1. Diao and Somwaru (2001) estimate that over the 25-year period following the ATC implementation, the annual growth of world textile and clothing trade will be more than 5 per cent than it would be in the absence of the ATC. According to their simulations, this acceleration translates into about $20 billion more trade in the short run (upon implementation) and as much as $200 billion in the long run (25 years). They also predict that, consistent with the trend in the historical data, the world clothing trade will increase twice as fast as the textile trade in the post-quota world. Similar results are reported by Avisse and Fouquin (2001), who found that, as a result of the ATC, the global trade in textiles and clothing will be about 10 per cent and 14 per cent h igher, respectively. Table 3.1 Results of Selected Analytical Studies related to ATC Authors Database Model Characteristics Policy Simulations General Results World Bank (2004) Data collected by authors General equilibrium analyses Quota Removal focus (Pakistan) Overall, the short-run impact of MFA abolition will be positive on the textile sector, negative on clothing. The analysis suggests that Pakistan will benefit substantially from abolition of its own quotas, with the benefits resulting from improved efficiency of resource allocation outweighing the loss of quota rents. Francois and Spinanger (2001) GTAP 4 (Base year 1995) Quota prices for Hong Kong for 1998/99 Standard Static GTAP model Quota removal plus Uruguay Round trade liberalization in the context of Chinas WTO accession. (Focus: Hong Kong) Textile and clothing exports from Asia (especially south Asia) increase substantially. Preferential access to the United States and the EU would be reduced and there would be a shift in demand away from countries like Mexico and Turkey. Terra (2001) GTAP 4 (Base year 1995) Standard Static GTAP model (i) Quota removal and (ii) Quota removal plus tariff reductions (Focus: Latin America) Developing countries subject to the biggest quantitative restrictions would expand their exports at the expense of the importing developed countries, but also of other developing countries which are less restricted (i.e., Latin American countries). Avisse and Fouquin (2001) GTAP 4 (Base year 1995) Standard Static GTAP model Quota removal Output share of Asia increases from 12 percent to 18 percent. Chinas exports would increase by 87 percent, South and Southeast Asias would increase by 36 percent. Latin America and NAFTA would lose 39 percent and 27 percent, respectively. Authors Database Model Characteristics Policy Simulations General Results Diao and Somwaru (2001) GTAP 5 (Base year 1997); Counterfactual analysis using an intertemporal version of GTAP MFA phase-out simulated by improving the efficiency of textile and apparel exports from constrained Countries. Other trade barriers on textile and apparel imports are reduced by 30 to 40 percent in all countries. The annual growth of world textile and apparel trade would be more than 5 percent higher. Market share of developing countries as a whole would increase by 4 percentage points following the ATC. China would gain almost 3 percentage points of the world Textile and apparel market, while other Asian countries would capture more than 2 percent. Non-quota developing countries are predicted to lose about 20 percent of their markets. Matoo, Roy, and Subramanian (2002) Data collected by the authors. Partial Equilibrium. ETEs derived from Kathuria and Bharadwaj (2000). Leontief production. Export elasticities from 1 to 5. Interaction between the ATC and the AGOA rules of origin for Mauritius and Madagascar Under the current AGOA system, the apparel exports of Mauritius and Madagascar would be about 26 percent and 19 percent lower, respectively, following 2005. If AGOAs rules of origin requirement is eliminated, the decline in Mauritiuss exports would be only 18 percent, and Madagascars exports could increase. Lankes (2002) GTAP 5 (Base Year 1997) Standard Static GTAP model Quota removal Total export revenue loss attributed to the MFA quotas estimated to be $22 billion for developing countries and $33 billion for the world as a whole. Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2004 Although the elimination of ATC quotas is predicted to result in an increase in global trade, the impact is likely to differ among countries and regions. For each country, quota elimination represents both an opportunity and a threat. It is an opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted but it will also represent a threat as other suppliers will no longer be restrained and major markets will be open to intense competition. For instance, Lankes (2002) argues that the ATC may lead to a reallocation of production to the detriment of developing-country exporters that have been effectively protected from more competitive suppliers by the quota system. A World Bank (2004) study provides an analysis of potential gains and losses for Pakistan from abolishing the quota system. The study shows that whether Pakistan will be better or worse off depends on the extent to which exports from Pakistan are restricted relative to exports from other suppliers; the strength of the competitive relationship between suppliers; and the extent of complementarities associated with global production sharing, particularly the benefits from increased demand for textiles and clothing as inputs. The general results of the study are, overall, that the short-run impact of ATC abolition will be positive on the textile sector, and negative on clothing. The analysis suggests that Pakistan will benefit substantially from the abolition of its own quotas, with the benefits resulting from improved efficiency of resource allocation outweighing the loss of quota rents. The implications for the clothing sector could be serious, however if no action is taken to improve productivity, output could decline by over 15 per cent, and exports by a quarter. Overall, Pakistans real income may decline by perhaps 0.4 per cent, and real wages could decline slightly if no action is taken to improve productivity. The degree of a quotas restrictiveness can thus serve as a useful, if imprecise means of broadly predicting the likely impact of its removal. Being able to determine which countries are quota constrained and which are not is useful in understanding how particular countries will fare following quota elimination. In the existing literature, the degree of restrictiveness of an MFA quota is often measured in terms of its export tax equivalent (ETE). ATC quotas are administered by exporting countries and impose a cost on exporting firms that is exactly analogous to an export tax. In order to export, a firm in a quota-constrained country has to obtain or purchase a quota (or an export licence). The more restrictive a quotas is, the higher the tax will be. ETEs are obviously zero for non-restrained products or countries. Flanagan (2003) points out that although as many as 73 countries are included in the quota system, some do not fully utilize their quotas. Elimination of an unfilled or non-binding quota has little effect on a countrys ability to export because it could have continued to export to the quota limit in any case. Many estimates of ETEs exist, and they vary for different countries and time frames. Francois and Spinanger (1999) estimate that Hong Kong clothing exporters face an implicit export tax of up to 10 per cent for goods intended for the U.S. market and 5 per cent for the European Union (EU) market. Kathuria and Bhradwaj (1998) report that in 1996, Indian exporters to the United States paid an ETE of 39 per cent (cotton based) and 16 per cent (synthetics), versus 17 per cent (cotton based) and 23 per cent (synthetics) in the EU market. In USITC, the import-weighted ETEs for US imports were estimated to be about 21 per cent for clothing, and those for non-clothing, textile categories were around 1 per cent. In general, the literature reveals that Asian countries are relatively more constrained than other regions. Flanagan (2003) categorizes countries into groups depending on how quota constrained they are in terms of the number of product categories where quotas seriously limit demand. In the group of Countries seriously held back, almost across the board, by quotas were Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Korea, Sri Lanka and Thailand. At the other end of the spectrum, countries such as Nepal, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are categorized as Countries whose quotas have been a valuable tool, now threatened. According to Flanagan, China, India and Indonesia have shown the most consistent and widespread near-saturation of quotas for yarn, fabric and garments. Many analysts predict that the market shares of quota-constrained suppliers will increase markedly following 2005. Terra (2001) predicts that clothing production of the restrained exporters, as a whole, will increase by almost 20 per cent, and their textile production will increase by almost 6 per cent. Meanwhile, Terra estimates that the market shares of non-quota constrained suppliers (e.g. Mexico and African countries) will shrink. She predicts a fall in the exports of Latin American countries, which will be displaced by the big exporters subject to restrictions. Mercosur and Chile are predicted to reduce their exports of clothing significantly and their exports of textiles moderately. Avisse and Fouquin (2001) estimate that Asian clothing exports will rise by 54 per cent and their share of the world market will increase to 60 per cent, from 40 percent in 1995. Chinese clothing exports, in particular, will rise by 87 per cent, and their share of world clothing exports will rise by more than 10 percentage points. Both South Asias and Southeast Asias clothing exports will also experience substantial gains, increasing by 36 per cent, combined. On the other hand, Latin American clothing exports are predicted to decrease by 39 per cent. Avisse and Fouquin estimate that Chinese production will rise by 70 per cent, and that of other Asian countries, by 26 per cent. Within a broadly unchanged level of global output, Asias share will rise from 12 per cent to 18 per cent. North American production of clothing 14 will decline by 19 per cent and European production will drop by 11 per cent according to estimates. Diao and Somwaru (2001) provide similar estimates. According to their dynamic model, world market share of developing countries as a whole will increase by 4 percentage points following the ATC. China is predicted to gain almost 3 percentage points of the world textile and clothing market, and other Asian countries to capture more than 2 percentage points. Current non-quota holding developing countries are predicted to lose about 20 per cent of their markets (equivalent to 2.3 percentage points of total world textile and clothing markets) to the restrained ones. In addition to the costs of quotas themselves, the nature or quality of the quota administration system can also restrict an individual countrys exports, and lead to quota underfill. Whalley (1999) points out that many developing countries have built costly domestic administrative structures around the internal allocation of quotas. Krishna and Tan (1998) present empirical evidence that the costs of the export licence system within the restrained countries are significant and that both the licence cost and hidden administrative costs are added to the price of the product prior to entering the foreign market.

The Downfall Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 2963 Words

Megan Embry Mrs. Taylor AP Literature – 4th 9 March 2015 The Downfall of Othello Philippians 2:4 says, â€Å"Do no merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others† (New American Standard Bible). God warns His people to turn from their selfish ways and be more concerned with the well being of others instead of only being concerned with one’s self. However, selfishness has been a sin that the human race has struggled with since the beginning of time. Shakespeare shows this age-old struggle with many characters in Othello. Racism is a way of life that can be used negatively to tear people down. Although race is not something that can be controlled, or managed throughout history it has been a characteristic used to harshly label people and used to make others feel inferior because of the color of their skin. Racism is used prevalently in Othello. Some characters in Othello driven by their selfish, sinful nature employ different types of racist language in an effort to degrade the main character and appear superior while others remain confident in themselves and refrain from racist behavior. Within Othello, there are five specific uses of the word â€Å"black.† Not all of the denotations are negative but when used in this novel, there are almost always used in a negative way as a racist label or racist comment. Doris Adler explains these five different denotations and their racist uses in this novel (248). The first type of racial language inShow MoreRelatedEssay The Tragedy of Othello1292 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare masterfully crafted Othello, the Moor of Venice as an Aristotelian tragedy play. The main protagonist of the play, Othello, is the perfect example of a tragic hero. Shakespeare was influenced by Aristotle’s concept of a tragic hero and used Aristotle’s principles to create Othello. 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Havisham Free Essays

The opening line portrays the order of events. â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard. † The man she describes was someone special but soon became someone she hated. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham or any similar topic only for you Order Now She has longed for revenge as the reader is told, â€Å"Not a day since then I haven’t wished for him dead. † The words â€Å"prayed† also tie in with this deep seated longing for change. The imagery of her eyes being like â€Å"Dark green pebbles† hints to the hardness of stone but also the green is jealousy. She has become trapped by obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The word â€Å"Spinster† is a one word sentence, almost spat out in distaste. Havisham describes her condition â€Å"I stink and remember† the words refer to her smell from wearing the same clothes but also the stench of the terrible thing that has happened to her. The events have changed her and there is real sadness and fear behind the words. Her wedding dress is described as â€Å"yellowing† as she questions how she has ended up in this situation. The final part of the previous stanza merges into this third verse and the disjointedness reflects Havisham’s own distress. This stanza hints that sometimes she can feel happy and when she is bed asleep for a moment it as if she is still with her lover, but the strong words â€Å"bite awake† describe the gnawing pain of having lost a loved one. The dream is only a dream and life is difficult to live with. Love is personified and the narrator describes herself as â€Å"Love’s hate behind a white veil† Love enjoys hurting her and again this is emphasised with her description of the balloon â€Å"bursting in my face. † Balloons are supposed to be fun like love but in this instance it becomes something shocking ready to spoil her happiness. Havisham also describes at destroying her wedding cake, â€Å"I stabbed at a wedding-cake. † This describes not only her pain, but the pain she would like to inflict on someone else. The imagery of a honeymoon is coupled with the words â€Å"male corpse† this also shows her unfeeling towards men. She doesn’t want something living, she wants something dead. The very last word comes out in a stutter when she talks about how a heart â€Å"b-b-b-breaks† this shows sadness and madness at the same time. When she talks about her heart not being the only one that is broken it reminds us of Pip from â€Å"Great Expectations†, she’s been hurt and knows how to break a man’s heart. In the case of Pip, she wanted to crush his dreams of gaining an education. How to cite Havisham, Papers Havisham Free Essays The ideas the Duffy is trying to convey is the idea the heart brake and physiological damage of a relationship gone corrupt and by a wedding day that was a- boarded ND the devastating impact on the bride who was left standing on her own embarrassed and humiliated by the failure of her beloved to show up. The idea of society expectation has also shrouded upon her since she can’t even leave her own house since she is paranoid about society expectation of a classic woman. Society expects a woman to find a man and get married and have children and by her not fulfilled society’s expectation she has â€Å"failed† at life’s virtue for a woman therefore having a unworthy life by living as a â€Å"spinster† and wasting away thou a husband. We will write a custom essay sample on Havisham or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another idea conveyed is the effect of also being alone without a partner â€Å"a lover† to share your life with. This is reflected by Ms Having who has always been alone and never really had â€Å"true love† and the effects of that how our feelings can go to mutual hatred towards one person whom in their mind destroyed their entire life. The poem is titled Having and not Miss Having. Why? The poem Is titled â€Å"Having† opposed to â€Å"Miss Having† since she doesn’t have the honor being labeled a â€Å"miss† due to turning Into a complete monster. She Is not a lady , she’s not proper or has the correct virtue for a typical ladles life. She Is an old hag who has wasted away and is nothing more than to be called a spinster. Having creates a harsh , violent and bold statement reflecting her and everything he’s become. Where as Miss creates a peaceful , calm and relaxed tone and doesn’t reflect her at all. What do you think the poem gains from the images of violence in it? The poem advances with Images of violence from the text since it creates an image of his woman and the extent of her despair and trashed life that took a turn Off cliff and died. The metaphors and imagery shown In the text such as † so hard Vive dark green pebbles for eyes† really gives the audience an Intense Image and shows how she hardened from the Inside and has nothing but venom filled In her veins. Opposition. The feelings of Ms Having are mixed due to the confusion inside and the baffling she’s had to deal with to come to terms with the â€Å"tragedy’. The feeling consist o darted and evil towards this man shown through † wished him dead† hating this man so much to the extend she wished death upon him. Feeling stretching to her love for him expressed minimally for example † Beloved sweetheart† showing a more inmate and loving tone. Then creating a more somber tone with the loneliness she has by herself â€Å"give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon† showing the extend that she wants someone this man so bad that she would replace him with a male corpse since she realizes that no man would ever want her. The reason for these binary opposite is since that is what we as humans feel mixed emotions , churned up together creating confusion fore her and us. Sometimes the persona imagines the passionate times she could have had with her lover. Which part of the poem describes this? The poem describes the time she could have had with her lover are shown in many instances like † the dress yellowing† expressing that she has waited for him all these years and that they still could get married and have a fulfilled life together. This is also shown through â€Å"give me a male corpse for a long slow honey moon† expressing that they had the opportunity to go on a beautiful honeymoon together. To what extent does the poem reflect a feminist agenda, or even Duffy own feelings at the time of writing? Address the attitudes and values conveyed. To a minimal extent the poem reflects a feminist agenda since the poem is directed towards her lover but is shown in some instances like â€Å"loves hate behind a white veil† here the feminist agenda is reflected is the quote since it undermines the institution of arraign and the idea that it is not worth it , a disappointment and alluding to gay and lesbian rights. Another references is shown through â€Å"spinster† since the meaning of the word is a old had and unmarried wasting away without a husband. Hence showing the inequality between men and woman since the term for a unmarried man is â€Å"bachelor† which is viewed in a positive light and being a good thing whereas woman are considered a disappointment by not get married therefore highlighting the feminist agenda. How to cite Havisham, Papers

Integrating Theory and Research Practice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Theory and Research Practice. Answer: Introduction Personal communication can be defined as the manner in which humans relate with other human beings around them. Personal communication is very important in life since it enables people to enhance their livelihoods through making good use of the daily opportunities that do come their way. Not only does personal communication place one in a better position to understand his/her shortcomings but also it helps them develop mechanisms to make necessary adjustments to fit in the society. In this work, individual evaluation has been done and analysis made concerning communication capabilities and possible problem solving mechanisms required to overcome them as well elaborated. This aimed to help in developing a scheme that is useful in rectifying the existing problems with regard to available timelines. This will cover different dimensions of the day to day communications styles that are exercised within different domains. (In Flanagan, In Allen In Levine, 2015). This technique seeks to evaluate ones communication skills with great attention to accommodating other peoples ideas and giving response. The procedure revealed that more personal effort was needed to help improve the score. It was evident in the results that much effort was directed towards offering solutions to any anticipated problems early in time before they could manifest themselves. Some of the individual shortcomings involved postponing of a majority of things and not embracing symbolic communication aids. Communications Style Questionnaire The communications style questionnaire involves assessing the various communication techniques that are available and applicable to interactions. This method places an individual in a better position to understand the various situations in each conversation, be able to identify their flaws and perfections and then make the required adjustments. The questionnaire results were as follows: Out of the analysis, inner strength-confidence was evident in my undertakings. Logical approaches are applied in the day to day interactions and association with other people. Xenophobia and self-awareness were also noted as personal strong areas. There is a strong individual belief necessary in winning other peoples resilience. The individual strengths realized include; keen attention to detail during response evaluation while weaknesses include, poor listening skills with intent to dominate conversations without exercising turn taking. (De, 2015). With the aid of the assertive questionnaire, an individual can boost his/her learning experience since it mitigates ones challenges in communication without considering the situation or context. The assertiveness questionnaire places people in a position to speak out their ideas in every situation in respect of others opinions too. With the aid of collaborative research website, the results indicated individual possession of etiquette and decorum virtues during interaction with people. Graded on a 100-point scale, the score was an A. Translating to good results though there was need to adjust some areas including working on individual listening techniques and being accommodative to other peoples views irrespective of how they are inconsistent with personal views. (Green Chartered Institute of Public Relations, 2016). The Johari window does place people in a position to have a good understanding of how they relate with other humans in society as well as understand and appreciate them. This procedure is greatly applied in this paper to aid in selecting the appropriate identifiers to personal description. In applying this procedure, five friends were selected and tasked to highlight the qualities they found fit for personal proficiency in communication and personality at large. After successfully highlighting and selecting, the results were outlined and presented in a consolidated manner. The results depicted in the first column showed an individual with knowledge of full existence, brilliant, orderly and confident. A sense of authoritativeness and confidence in interactions was also detected. This is in line to the ideas of good communication. According to (Biafore, 2015) who claims that it is very important to express self-confidence in the process of communication. The second column showed an individual who is radical, somehow proud and possession of levels of anxiety in particular situations. Additionally, personal attributes of being a seasoned introvert was also realized as well as efforts to be a considerate individual. The third segment portrayed an individual who is tolerant and flexible. On the other side, some friends alluded that there were traits such as being intolerant and non-accommodative of other peoples views and more often anger was used to coerce others from expressing their views. Kindness was portrayed in the fourth segment as well as being a re alistic and a calm individual. The perception of possessing some different values in the eyes of different people is important (Biafore, 2015). When it comes to development in personal and academic issues, one very necessary appliance is exercising practical reflection as this helps one build essential capabilities in leadership skills in ones academic life. Valuation of an individuals deeds, character and rules are key elements in personal reflects. Out of the obtained results, it was individual realization that spirited approach to challenges arise from the fear of committing errors and letting good chances go. Believing in oneself could be very useful in making decisions because finding out that one does not support something; chances of avoiding the same were high, a component which possibly limits ones thinking (De, 2015). The studys results indicate the need for one to work on their active listening and decisiveness. This was evident in interviews, group works and in personal studying process. On top of that, the manifestation that individual dominance of conversations and exercise of confidence on presentations contra dicted personal judgments. Personal interactions with different people throughout the semester revealed weaknesses in active listening and self-assured perception, making these skills a critical aspect needed to work on for improvement. Going by the aforementioned researches, both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli are responsible for a persons reaction in a dialogue (Eemeren Grootendorst, 2014). An important point to note is adequate revelation of self-assurance and tranquility can be achieved using individual characteristics and distinctive psychological set up. For instance, self-possessed and collected people find it easy to express themselves aptly compared to unsteady and ungrounded individuals. In his study, Biafore (2015) argued that moments are likely to traumatize such individuals, given that they expect nothing less than favorable results. The findings of The Australian Psychological Association confirms that a persons outward character is greatly influenced by such stimuli. In light to this, it becomes essential that individuals identify their strength and weaknesses, bearing in mind how hard it can be for a person to exhibit his/her strengths in an appropriate manner exclusively. Taking this step is beneficial when it comes to underlining an individuals strength as it facilitates a cover up for his/her shortcomings. It is the same reason that makes De (2015) in his research emphasizes that that failure to follow this step has the likelihood of causing uncertainties to a person, making him/her tense and less confident when engaged in a conversation with others. It is considered an important feature in any learning process as it ensures that learners pay close attention, figure out responses and memorize the content that is bestowed to them. After undertaking a test on personal communication abilities, it was a personal realization that active listening skills were weak, hence needed perfections. This would help equip oneself with adequate capacity to acquire significant information, grasp and appreciate the process of learning essential notions (Brown Smith, 2017). In addition, it was personal realization that the failure to reach consensus with peers as being a result of low levels of attention when engaged in a dialogue. Apparently, there were personal problems in comprehending new ideas taught in class due to the inability to pay close attention to whatever was being taught until the end of any particular lesson. In regard to this conduct, there are individual efforts to come up with new techniques of checking these behaviors to ensure that they do not worsen and affect personal undertakings negatively. Below are some of the approaches developed (Hoppe, 2015). This method comprises intense meditation and extreme devotion to the speaker while acknowledging points from their presentations. Furthermore, it is vital to ascertain their verbal and nonverbal signals. Some of the ways intended for use include maintaining an eye contact with the speaker, preclude any obstacle that seem to be distractive, keep off contradicting notions and pay precise attentiveness to the speakers body language. The rationale for adopting such strategies is to ensure that one ends up with sufficient comprehension of whatever is being passed across. The significance of body language is to disclose whether one is listening or not. It also establishes the level of concentration. A good example is nodding, where suitable and applying facial illustrations are all influential since they enhance my attentiveness during dialogues and when attending lessons in class. Feedback in any communication ensures that the listeners grasp the message being delivered appropriately, hence, considered an important aspect. In light to this, framing feedback or providing appropriate responses to messages while being attentive to detail portrays that the receivers of that particular information comprehended it adequately. Certain phrases are commonly used, such as "What I'm hearing is," or "Seems like you are saying." According to the results from a research carried out by Green Chartered Institute of Public Relations (2016), the implication of accurate feedback to speaker is that his/her listeners pay ultimate attention to his/her content. The speaker can also utilize other approaches such as asking his/her listeners relevant questions from whatever he/she was teaching and using the feedback he/she receives to emphasize on the details and explore the content. A recent study (Green Chartered Institute of Public Relations, 2016) managed to establish that coming up with periodic summaries of the content helps the listener to acquire a glimpse of the whole conversation since significant pointers only are the ones that are reflected on to provide a faster recollection of the conversations focal points. Assertive perception The results of the analysis, done on personal skills revealed that in some cases there were scenarios of being uncompromising, especially when the prevailing opinions contradict personal verdicts. In this regard, it is essential that one formulate some approaches to ensure that they remain constructively assertive regardless of their peers inferences. This will require that one remain persuasive and not prehistoric, given influencing any results requires one to put in more effort and deliberate the judgments of others. In doing so, one will be able not to base their conclusions on past instances that may be void in existing scenarios. Thus, one will be in a better position to prevent disagreements with their peers when having a dialogue (De, 2015). Another method worth adopting is by identifying and respecting participants opinions in a discussion based on their personality as a way of establishing the variances between individual personalities and how they can be beneficial based on the situation at hand (Drury, 2014). The methods discussed above are crucial in overcoming individual flaws when having a dialogue. One way of establishing them is via procedural implementation and deliverable timelines in any particular setting, given the changing aspects that exemplify a learning atmosphere, including interaction with others. As per the research finding of a study done by Green Chartered Institute of Public Relations (2016), one will be in a better position to determine the preferred transformation that can ensure exceptional conversation with others. The process of self-analysis will be pinnacled by drafting an action plan that shall oversee the execution of necessary program aimed at trying to assume the lodged profile. The activities will be Important in perceiving the desired outcomes within the laid timelines as indicated below. Handling a communication course covering how to create skills in active listening in the course of the first three weeks of the implementation program. This approach will place an individual in a better position as an active listener as one can employ application of positive opinions in the process of relating in a schooling domain. On top of that, one can fit to any domain feasibly (Craig Martinez, 2016). To aid an individual in improving any weak areas that might be present after execution, it will be an individual initiative to commence an advanced postgraduate communication program at CQU. The program is intended to contribute positively to building personal career as required in the job market. Such a domain needs well developed and good skills in communication relevant in utilizing any emergent chance. On top of that, reading of any available and relevant stored documents that comprise of journals and books rich in mechanisms through which a person can advance his/her skills in communicating. Besides promoting individual communication skills, reading also will bring to light a number of contexts that would demand implementation of these skills and in the long run help in equipping with the necessary skills to fit in any domain. Competence and ability to exercise flexibility with regards to sending and receiving messages is also inevitable in some situations and this is to be accomplished within four weeks. Noting down to record every step in the process is an essential way of keeping a personal account. The journal is expected to give the groundwork for improving where personal progress will not be concurrent with the preconditions. The anticipated results will also guide the process of making improvements to help keep one on the right path. Moreover, identifying a mentor will be vital because personal assessor will give a sense of direction in the practices necessary to perform. In this situation, it will be an individual effort to utilize the head of the CQU communication. They are likely to be productive in defining cases of consistency with the training timetable and offering aid in identifying areas which require powerful reinforcement. The Gantt chart can give the deadlines as well as the activities which will be undertaken to achieve the expectations. It can be utilized in measuring what is expected at a certain period because the entire implementation process will occur for two months. Other programs can be undertaken concurrently implying that it can consume less time than planned. After, accomplishing, it will require personal effort to measure the improvement according to personal behavior of interaction with other individuals. A positive implication should be encouraged while the contrary will necessitate that one engage in relevant practices which will aid in eliminating the mistake (Burnard, 2017). References Biafore, B. (2015). Microsoft Project 2013: The missing manual. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. Green, A., Chartered Institute of Public Relations. (2016). Effective personal Communication skills for public relations. London: Kogan Page. Hazardous Materials Training and Research Institute. (2015). Communication skills for the Environmental technician. New York: Wiley. Burnard, P. (2017). Effective communication skills for health professionals. Cheltenham, U.K: Stanley Thornes (Publishers) Ltd. Koprowska, J. (2015). Communication and interpersonal skills in social work. Exeter: Learning Matters. Battell, C., American Society for Training and Development. (2016). Effective listening. Alexandria, Va: ASTD Press. Downs, L. J., American Society for Training and Development. (2016). Listening skills Training. Alexandria, VA: ASTD Press Hoppe, M. H. (2015). Active Listening: Improve Your Ability to Listen and Lead. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Active listening: Teacher's book. (2015). Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press [u.a.. Burstein, J. (2015). Have you heard? Active listening. New York: Crabtree Pub. Company. Brown, S., Smith, D. (2017). Active listening: Level 1. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. Drury, S. S. (2014). Assertive supervision: Building involved teamwork. Champaign, IL: Research Press In Flanagan, R., In Allen, K., In Levine, E. (2015). Cognitive and behavioral Interventions in the schools: Integrating theory and research into practice Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R. (2014). Studies in pragma-dialectics. Amsterdam: International Centre for the Study of Argumentation. Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R. (2014). Speech acts in argumentative discussions: A Theoretical model for the analysis of discussions directed towards solving conflicts of opinion. Dordrecht, Holland: Foris Publications. Craig, S. C., Martinez, M. D. (2016). Ambivalence and the Structure of Political Opinion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan De, K. E. J. (2015). Assertive religion: Religious intolerance in a multicultural world.